--- 1/draft-ietf-manet-olsrv2-dat-metric-06.txt 2015-11-02 06:15:23.202426333 -0800 +++ 2/draft-ietf-manet-olsrv2-dat-metric-07.txt 2015-11-02 06:15:23.246427402 -0800 @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ MANET H. Rogge Internet-Draft Fraunhofer FKIE Intended status: Experimental E. Baccelli -Expires: January 30, 2016 INRIA - July 29, 2015 +Expires: May 5, 2016 INRIA + November 2, 2015 Packet Sequence Number based directional airtime metric for OLSRv2 - draft-ietf-manet-olsrv2-dat-metric-06 + draft-ietf-manet-olsrv2-dat-metric-07 Abstract This document specifies an directional airtime link metric for usage in OLSRv2. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. @@ -21,21 +21,21 @@ Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." - This Internet-Draft will expire on January 30, 2016. + This Internet-Draft will expire on May 5, 2016. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents @@ -54,76 +54,77 @@ 5. Metric Functioning & Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Protocol Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.1. Recommended Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Protocol Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8.1. Initial Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9. Packets and Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9.2. Requirements for using DAT metric in OLSRv2 implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 9.3. Link Loss Data Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 + 9.3. Link Loss Data Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9.4. HELLO Message Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10. Timer Event Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.1. Packet Timeout Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.2. Metric Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - Appendix A. OLSR.org metric history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - Appendix B. Linkspeed stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - Appendix C. Packet loss hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - Appendix D. Example DAT values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + Appendix A. Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 + Appendix B. OLSR.org metric history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 + Appendix C. Linkspeed stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + Appendix D. Packet loss hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + Appendix E. Example DAT values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 + Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1. Introduction One of the major shortcomings of OLSR [RFC3626] is the lack of a granular link cost metric between OLSR routers. Operational - experience with OLSR networks gathered since the publication of OLSR - has revealed that wireless networks links can have highly variable - and heterogeneous properties. This makes a hopcount metric - insufficient for effective OLSR routing. + experience with OLSR networks gathered since its publication has + revealed that wireless networks links can have highly variable and + heterogeneous properties. This makes a hopcount metric insufficient + for effective OLSR routing. Based on this experience, OLSRv2 [RFC7181] integrates the concept of link metrics directly into the core specification of the routing protocol. The OLSRv2 routing metric is an external process, it can be any kind of dimensionless additive cost function which reports to the OLSRv2 protocol. Since 2004 the OLSR.org [OLSR.org] implementation of OLSR included an Estimated Transmission Count (ETX) metric [MOBICOM04] as a proprietary extension. While this metric is not perfect, it proved to be sufficient for a long time for Community Mesh Networks - (Appendix A). But the increasing maximum data rate of IEEE 802.11 + (Appendix B). But the increasing maximum data rate of IEEE 802.11 made the ETX metric less efficient than in the past, which is one reason to move to a different metric. This document describes a Directional Airtime routing metric for OLSRv2, a successor of the ETX-derived OLSR.org routing metric for OLSR. It takes both the loss rate and the link speed into account to provide a more accurate picture of the links within the network. This experimental draft will allow OLSRv2 deployments with a metric defined by the IETF Manet group. It enables easier interoperability tests between implementations and will also deliver an useful - baseline to compare other metrics to. + baseline to compare other metrics to. Appendix A contains a few + possible steps to improve the DAT metric. 2. Terminology - The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL', 'SHALL - NOT','SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED', 'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', - and 'OPTIONAL' in this document are to be interpreted as described in - [RFC2119]. + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. The terminology introduced in [RFC5444], [RFC7181] and [RFC6130], including the terms "packet", "message" and "TLV" are to be interpreted as described therein. Additionally, this document uses the following terminology and notational conventions: QUEUE - a first in, first out queue of integers. @@ -157,42 +158,42 @@ amount of airtime needed to transmit an IP packet over a link, not considering layer-2 overhead created by preamble, backoff time and queuing. DAT - Directional Airtime Metric, the link metric described in this document, which is a directional variant of ETT. It does not take reverse path loss into account. 3. Applicability Statement - The Directional Airtime Metric was designed and tested in wireless - IEEE 802.11 [RFC7181] networks. These networks employ link layer - retransmission to increase the delivery probability and multiple - unicast data rates. + The Directional Airtime Metric was designed and tested (see + [olsrv2_paper]) in wireless IEEE 802.11 OLSRv2 [RFC7181] networks. + These networks employ link layer retransmission to increase the + delivery probability and multiple unicast data rates. - As specified in [RFC7181] the metric calculates only the incoming - link cost. It does neither calculate the outgoing metric, nor does - it decide the link status (heard, symmetric, lost). + As specified in OLSRv2 the metric calculates only the incoming link + cost. It does neither calculate the outgoing metric, nor does it + decide the link status (heard, symmetric, lost). The metric works both for nodes which can send/receive [RFC5444] packet sequence numbers and such which do not have this capability. In the absence of such sequence numbers the metric calculates the packet loss based on [RFC6130] HELLO message timeouts. The metric must learn about the unicast data rate towards each one- hop neighbor from an external process, either by configuration or by an external measurement process. This measurement could be done by gathering cross-layer data from the operating system or an external daemon like DLEP [DLEP], but also by indirect layer-3 measurements like packet-pair. - The metric uses [RFC5444] multicast control traffic to determine the + The metric uses RFC5444 multicast control traffic to determine the link packet loss. The administrator should take care that link layer multicast transmission do not not have a higher reception probability than the slowest unicast transmission. It might, for example in 802.11g, be necessary to increase the data-rate of the multicast transmissions, e.g. set the multicast data-rate to 6 MBit/s. The metric can only handle a certain range of packet loss and unicast data-rate. The maximum packet loss that can be encoded into the metric a loss of 7 of 8 packets, without link layer retransmissions. The unicast data-rate that can be encoded by this metric can be @@ -223,39 +224,40 @@ o Incoming packet loss and linkspeed can be measured locally, symmetric link loss would need an additional signaling TLV in the [RFC6130] HELLO and would delay metric calculation by up to one HELLO interval. The Directional Airtime Metric does not integrate the packet size into the link cost. Doing so is not feasible in most link-state routing protocol implementations. The routing decision of most operation systems don't take packet size into account. Multiplying all link costs of a topology with the size of a data-plane packet - would never change the dijkstra result anyways. + would never change the Dijkstra result anyways. The queue based packet loss estimator has been tested extensively in - the OLSR.org ETX implementation, see Appendix A. The output is the + the OLSR.org ETX implementation, see Appendix B. The output is the average of the packet loss over a configured time period. The metric normally measures the loss of a link by tracking the incoming [RFC5444] packet sequence numbers. Without these packet sequence numbers, the metric does calculate the loss of the link based of received and lost [RFC5444] HELLO messages. It uses the incoming HELLO interval time (or if not present, the validity time) to decide when a HELLO is lost. When a neighbor router resets, its packet sequence number might jump to a random value. The metric tries to detect jumps in the packet sequence number and removes them from the data set, because the - already gathered link loss data should still be valid. The link loss - data is only removed from memory when a Link times out completely and - its Link Set tuple is removed from the database. + already gathered link loss data should still be valid (see + Section 9.3. The link loss data is only removed from memory when a + Link times out completely and its Link Set tuple is removed from the + database. 5. Metric Functioning & Overview The Directional Airtime Metric is calculated for each link set entry, as defined in [RFC6130] section 7.1. The metric processes two kinds of data into the metric value, namely packet loss rate and link-speed. The link-speed is taken from an external process not defined in this document. The current packet loss rate is defined in this document by keeping track of packet @@ -285,35 +287,40 @@ lost HELLO intervals. The average packet loss ratio is calculated as the sum of the 'total packets' counters divided by the sum of the 'packets received' counters. This value is then divided through the current link-speed and then scaled into the range of metrics allowed for OLSRv2. The metric value is then used as L_in_metric of the Link Set (as defined in section 8.1. of [RFC7181]). + While this document does not add new RFC5444 elements to the RFC6130 + HELLO or RFC7181 TC messages, it works best when both the + INTERVAL_TIME message TLV is present in the HELLO messages and when + each RFC5444 packet contains an interface specific sequence number. + It also adds a number of new data entries to be stored for each + RFC6130 Link. + 6. Protocol Parameters - This specification defines two constants, agreement on which is - required, from all the OLSRv2 routers participating in the same - deployment. Two routers which use different values for these - constants will not be able to generate metric values which can be - correctly interpreted by both. These constants are: + This specification defines the following parameters for this routing + metric. These parameters are: DAT_MEMORY_LENGTH - Queue length for averaging packet loss. All - received and lost packets within the queue are used to calculate - the cost of the link. + received and lost packets within the queue length are used to + calculate the cost of the link. DAT_REFRESH_INTERVAL - interval in seconds between two metric recalculations as described in Section 10.2. This value SHOULD be - smaller than a typical HELLO interval. + smaller than a typical HELLO interval. The interval can be a + fraction of a second. DAT_HELLO_TIMEOUT_FACTOR - multiplier relative to the HELLO_INTERVAL (see [RFC6130] Section 5.3.1) after which the DAT metric considers a HELLO as lost. DAT_SEQNO_RESTART_DETECTION - threshold in number of missing packets (based on received packet sequence numbers) at which point the router considers the neighbor has restarted. This parameter is only used for packet sequence number based loss estimation. This number MUST be larger than DAT_MAXIMUM_LOSS. @@ -332,21 +338,22 @@ DAT_HELLO_TIMEOUT_FACTOR := 1.2 DAT_SEQNO_RESTART_DETECTION := 256 7. Protocol Constants This specification defines the following constants, which define the range of metric values that can be encoded by the DAT metric (see Table 1). They cannot be changed without making the metric outputs incomparable and should only be changed for MANET's with a very slow - or very fast linklayer. + or very fast linklayer. See Appendix D Appendix E for example metric + values. DAT_MAXIMUM_LOSS - Fraction of the loss rate used in this routing metric. Loss rate will be between 0/DAT_MAXIMUM_LOSS and (DAT_MAXIMUM_LOSS-1)/DAT_MAXIMUM_LOSS. DAT_MINIMUM_BITRATE - Minimal bit-rate in Bit/s used by this routing metric. +---------------------+-------+ | Name | Value | @@ -357,53 +364,57 @@ +---------------------+-------+ Table 1: DAT Protocol Constants 8. Data Structures This specification extends the Link Set of the Interface Information Base, as defined in [RFC6130] section 7.1, by the adding the following elements to each link tuple: - L_DAT_received is a QUEUE with DAT_MEMORY_LENGTH integer elements. + L_DAT_received - a QUEUE with DAT_MEMORY_LENGTH integer elements. Each entry contains the number of successfully received packets within an interval of DAT_REFRESH_INTERVAL. - L_DAT_total is a QUEUE with DAT_MEMORY_LENGTH integer elements. - Each entry contains the estimated number of packets transmitted by - the neighbor, based on the received packet sequence numbers within - an interval of DAT_REFRESH_INTERVAL. + L_DAT_total - a QUEUE with DAT_MEMORY_LENGTH integer elements. Each + entry contains the estimated number of packets transmitted by the + neighbor, based on the received packet sequence numbers within an + interval of DAT_REFRESH_INTERVAL. - L_DAT_packet_time is the time when the next RFC5444 packet should + L_DAT_packet_time - the time when the next RFC5444 packet should have arrived. - L_DAT_hello_interval is the interval between two hello messages of + L_DAT_hello_interval - the interval between two hello messages of the links neighbor as signaled by the INTERVAL_TIME TLV [RFC5497] of NHDP messages [RFC6130]. - L_DAT_lost_packet_intervals is the estimated number of HELLO + L_DAT_lost_packet_intervals - the estimated number of HELLO intervals from this neighbor the metric has not received a single packet. - L_DAT_rx_bitrate is the current bitrate of incoming unicast traffic + L_DAT_rx_bitrate - the current bitrate of incoming unicast traffic for this neighbor. - L_DAT_last_pkt_seqno is the last received packet sequence number + L_DAT_last_pkt_seqno - the last received packet sequence number received from this link. Methods to obtain the value of L_DAT_rx_bitrate are out of the scope of this specification. Such methods may include static configuration via a configuration file or dynamic measurement through mechanisms described in a separate specification (e.g. [DLEP]). Any Link tuple with L_status = HEARD or L_status = SYMMETRIC MUST have a specified value of L_DAT_rx_bitrate if it is to be used by this routing metric. + The incoming bitrate value should be stabilized by a hysteresis + filter to improve the stability of this metric. See Appendix B + Appendix C for an example. + This specification updates the L_in_metric field of the Link Set of the Interface Information Base, as defined in section 8.1. of [RFC7181]) 8.1. Initial Values When generating a new tuple in the Link Set, as defined in [RFC6130] section 12.5 bullet 3, the values of the elements specified in Section 8 are set as follows: @@ -449,43 +460,51 @@ document SHOULD include the following parts into its [RFC5444] output: o an INTERVAL_TIME message TLV in each HELLO message, as defined in [RFC6130] section 4.3.2. o an interface specific packet sequence number as defined in [RFC5444] section 5.1 which is incremented by 1 for each outgoing [RFC5444] packet on the interface. + An implementation of OLSRv2 using the metric specified by this + document that inserts packet sequence numbers in some, but not all + outgoing [RFC5444] packets will make this metric ignoring all packets + without the sequence number. Putting the INTERVAL_TIME TLV into + some, but not all Hello messages will make the timeout based loss + detection slower. This will only matter in the absence of packet + sequence numbers. + 9.3. Link Loss Data Gathering For each incoming [RFC5444] packet, additional processing SHOULD be carried out after the packet messages have been processed as - specified in [RFC6130] and [RFC7181]. + specified in [RFC6130] and [RFC7181] as specified in this section. [RFC5444] packets without packet sequence number MUST NOT be - processed in this way by this metric. + processed in the way described in this section. The router updates the Link Set Tuple corresponding to the originator of the packet: 1. If L_DAT_last_pkt_seqno = UNDEFINED, then: 1. L_DAT_received[TAIL] := 1. 2. L_DAT_total[TAIL] := 1. 2. Otherwise: 1. L_DAT_received[TAIL] := L_DAT_received[TAIL] + 1. - 2. diff := seq_diff(pkt_seqno, L_DAT_last_pkt_seqno). + 2. diff := diff_seqno(pkt_seqno, L_DAT_last_pkt_seqno). 3. If diff > DAT_SEQNO_RESTART_DETECTION, then: 1. diff := 1. 4. L_DAT_total[TAIL] := L_DAT_total[TAIL] + diff. 3. L_DAT_last_pkt_seqno := pkt_seqno. 4. If L_DAT_hello_interval != UNDEFINED, then: @@ -580,20 +599,23 @@ DAT_MINIMUM_BITRATE). 6. remove(L_DAT_total) 7. add(L_DAT_total, 0) 8. remove(L_DAT_received) 9. add(L_DAT_received, 0) + The calculated L_in_metric value should be stabilized by a hysteresis + function. See Appendix C Appendix D for an example. + 11. IANA Considerations This document contains no actions for IANA. 12. Security Considerations Artificial manipulation of metrics values can drastically alter network performance. In particular, advertising a higher L_in_metric value may decrease the amount of incoming traffic, while advertising lower L_in_metric may increase the amount of incoming traffic. By @@ -635,91 +658,138 @@ Kittenberger (Funkfeuer Vienna), Joseph Macker (Naval Research Laboratory), Fabian Nack and Stan Ratliff (Cisco Systems). 14. References 14.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, BCP 14, March 1997. - [RFC3626] Clausen, T. and P. Jacquet, "Optimized Link State Routing - Protocol", RFC 3626, October 2003. - [RFC5444] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih, "Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format", RFC 5444, February 2009. [RFC5497] Clausen, T. and C. Dearlove, "Representing Multi-Value Time in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 5497, March 2009. [RFC6130] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and J. Dean, "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)", RFC 6130, April 2011. [RFC7181] Clausen, T., Jacquet, P., and C. Dearlove, "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2", RFC 7181, April 2014. +14.2. Informative References + + [RFC3626] Clausen, T. and P. Jacquet, "Optimized Link State Routing + Protocol", RFC 3626, October 2003. + [RFC7182] Ulrich, U., Clausen, T., and C. Dearlove, "Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 7182, April 2014. [RFC7183] Ulrich, U., Dearlove, C., and T. Clausen, "Integrity Protection for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)", RFC 7183, April 2014. -14.2. Informative References + [olsrv2_paper] + C., C., C., C., J., J., J., J., and H. H., "OLSRv2 for + Community Networks: Using Directional Airtime Metric with + external radios", Elsevier Computer Networks 2015 , + September 2015, + . [CONFINE] "Community Networks Testbed for the Future Internet - (CONFINE)", 2013, . + (CONFINE)", 2015, . [DLEP] Ratliff, S., Berry, B., Harrison, G., Jury, S., and D. Satterwhite, "Dynamic Link Exchange Protocol (DLEP)", - draft-ietf-manet-dlep-04 , March 2013. + draft-ietf-manet-dlep-17 , March 2013. + + [BATMAN] Neumann, A., Aichele, C., Lindner, M., and S. Wunderlich, + "Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Networking + (B.A.T.M.A.N.)", draft-wunderlich-openmesh-manet- + routing-00 , April 2008. [MOBICOM03] De Couto, D., Aguayo, D., Bicket, J., and R. Morris, "A High-Throughput Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing", Proceedings of the MOBICOM Conference , 2003. [MOBICOM04] Richard, D., Jitendra, P., and Z. Brian, "Routing in Multi-Radio, Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks", Proceedings of the MOBICOM Conference , 2004. [OLSR.org] - "The OLSR.org OLSR routing daemon", 2013, + "The OLSR.org OLSR routing daemon", 2015, . [FREIFUNK] - "Freifunk Wireless Community Networks", 2013, + "Freifunk Wireless Community Networks", 2015, . [FUNKFEUER] - "Austria Wireless Community Network", 2013, + "Austria Wireless Community Network", 2015, . -Appendix A. OLSR.org metric history +Appendix A. Future work + + As the DAT metric proved to work reasonable well for non- or slow- + moving ad hoc networks [olsrv2_paper], it should be considered as a + solid first step on a way to better MANET metrics. There are + multiple parts of the DAT metric that need to be reviewed again in + the context of real world deployments and can be subject to later + improvements. + + The easiest part of the DAT metric to change and test would be the + timings parameters. A 1 minute interval for packet loss statistics + might be a good compromise for some MANETs, but could easily be too + large or to small for others. More data is needed to verify or + improve the current parameter selection. + + The DAT metric considers only the multicast RFC5444 packet loss for + estimating the link loss, but it would be good to integrate unicast + data loss into the loss estimation. This information could be + provided directly from the link layer. This could increase the + accuracy of the loss rate estimation in scenarios, where the + assumptions regarding the ratio of multicast vs. unicast loss do not + hold. + + The packet loss averaging algorithm could also be improved. While + the DAT metric provides a stable sliding time interval to average the + incoming packet loss and not giving the recent input too much + influence, However, first experiments suggest that the algorithm + tends to be less agile detecting major changes of link quality. This + makes it less suited for mobile networks. A more agile algorithm is + needed for detecting major changes while filtering out random + fluctuations regarding frame loss. However, the current "quere of + counters" algorithm suggested for DAT outperforms the binary queue + algorithm and the exponential aging algorithms used for the ETX + metric in the OLSR [RFC3626] codebase of Olsr.org. + +Appendix B. OLSR.org metric history The Funkfeuer [FUNKFEUER] and Freifunk networks [FREIFUNK] are OLSR- - based [RFC3626] or B.A.T.M.A.N. based wireless community networks - with hundreds of routers in permanent operation. The Vienna - Funkfeuer network in Austria, for instance, consists of 400 routers - (around 600 routes) covering the whole city of Vienna and beyond, - spanning roughly 40km in diameter. It has been in operation since - 2003 and supplies its users with Internet access. A particularity of - the Vienna Funkfeuer network is that it manages to provide Internet - access through a city wide, large scale Wi-Fi MANET, with just a - single Internet uplink. + based [RFC3626] or B.A.T.M.A.N. [BATMAN] based wireless community + networks with hundreds of routers in permanent operation. The Vienna + Funkfeuer network in Austria, for instance, consists of 400 + routerscovering the whole city of Vienna and beyond, spanning roughly + 40km in diameter. It has been in operation since 2003 and supplies + its users with Internet access. A particularity of the Vienna + Funkfeuer network is that it manages to provide Internet access + through a city wide, large scale Wi-Fi MANET, with just a single + Internet uplink. Operational experience of the OLSR project [OLSR.org] with these networks have revealed that the use of hop-count as routing metric leads to unsatisfactory network performance. Experiments with the ETX metric [MOBICOM03] were therefore undertaken in parallel in the Berlin Freifunk network as well as in the Vienna Funkfeuer network in 2004, and found satisfactory, i.e., sufficiently easy to implement and providing sufficiently good performance. This metric has now been in operational use in these networks for several years. @@ -739,57 +809,57 @@ performance of a network considerably by not taking advantage of higher capacity links. Because of this the OLSR.org project has implemented the Directional Airtime Metric for OLSRv2, which has been inspired by the Estimated Travel Time (ETT) metric [MOBICOM04]. This metric uses an unidirectional packet loss, but also takes the bitrate into account to create a more accurate description of the relative costs or capabilities of OLSRv2 links. -Appendix B. Linkspeed stabilization +Appendix C. Linkspeed stabilization The DAT metric describes how to generate a reasonable stable packet loss value from incoming packet reception/loss events, the source of the linkspeed used in this document is considered an external process. In the presence of a layer-2 technology with variable linkspeed it is likely that the raw linkspeed will be fluctuating too fast to be useful for the DAT metric. The amount of stabilization necessary for the linkspeed depends on the implementation of the mac-layer, especially the rate control algorithm. Experiments with the Linux 802.11 wifi stack have shown that a simple Median filter over a series of raw linkspeed measurements can smooth the calculated value without introducing intermediate linkspeed values you would get by using averaging or an exponential weighted moving average. -Appendix C. Packet loss hysteresis +Appendix D. Packet loss hysteresis While the DAT metric use a sliding window to calculate a reasonable stable frame loss, the implementation might choose to integrate an additional hysteresis to prevent the metric flapping between two values. In Section Section 10.2 DAT caluclates a fractional loss rate. The fraction of 'loss := sum_total / sum_received' may result in minor fluctuations in the advertised L_in_metric due to minimal changes in sum_total or sum_received which can cause undesirable protocol churn. A hysteresis function applied to the fraction could reduce the amount of changes in the loss rate and help to stabilize the metric output. -Appendix D. Example DAT values +Appendix E. Example DAT values The DAT metric value can be expressed in terms of link speed (bit/s) or used airtime (s). When using the default protocol constants (see Section 7), DAT encodes link speeds between 119 bit/s and 2 Gbit/s. Table Table 2 contains a few examples for metric values and their meaning as a link speed: +---------------------------+-----------+ | Metric | bit/s |